Q.1) Who are the winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025?
[a] Drew Weissman, Katalin Karikó, and Pieter Cullis
[b] Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi
[c] John Clarke, Michel Devoret, and John Martinis
[d] Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier
View Answer
Answer: [b] Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi
Explanation:
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2025 has been awarded to Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell, and Shimon Sakaguchi for their groundbreaking discoveries on how the immune system distinguishes between what should be attacked and what should be protected. Their research illuminated the mechanisms of peripheral immune tolerance, focusing on the role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and the FOXP3 (Forkhead Box Protein P3) gene. These findings have transformed understanding of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and immune-based therapies, paving the way for treatments of conditions where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. The award was announced at the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Q.2) What was the 2025 Nobel Prize in Physics awarded for?
[a] Discovery of black hole formation mechanisms
[b] Research on quantum teleportation
[c] Discovering quantum mechanical effects in macroscopic electrical circuits
[d] Advancements in laser cooling of atoms
View Answer
Answer: [c] Discovering quantum mechanical effects in macroscopic electrical circuits
Explanation:
Nobel Prize in Physics 2025 was awarded to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret, and John M. Martinis for their pioneering discovery of quantum mechanical effects that occur in electrical circuits large enough to hold in your hand. Their groundbreaking research demonstrated that quantum phenomena, typically observable only at atomic or subatomic scales, can also exist in macroscopic systems, such as electrical circuits. This discovery has paved the way for the development of quantum computers and high-precision quantum sensors, representing a major leap in the field of quantum information science. The announcement was made by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, which annually confers the Nobel Prizes in Physics and Chemistry.
Q.3) For what contribution was the 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry awarded?
[a] Development of CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology
[b] Discovery of lithium-ion battery chemistry
[c] Development of Metal-Organic Frameworks
[d] Advances in protein folding mechanisms
View Answer
Answer: [c] Development of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)
Explanation:
The 2025 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Susumu Kitagawa, Richard Robson, and Omar M. Yaghi for their pioneering development of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs). MOFs are a novel type of molecular architecture, where metal ions act as cornerstones connected by extended organic (carbon-based) molecules to create highly porous, lattice-like structures. These frameworks are highly versatile and can be custom-designed for specific functions, such as gas storage, catalysis, drug delivery, and separation technologies. The discovery has unlocked previously unimaginable possibilities for creating tailor-made materials, positioning MOFs as a transformative innovation in chemistry, materials science, and sustainability research.
Q.4) Which notable work of László Krasznahorkai is highlighted by the Swedish Academy?
[a] “The Trial”
[b] “One Hundred Years of Solitude”
[c] “Satantango”
[d] “The Road”
View Answer
Answer: [c] “Satantango”
Explanation:
The Nobel Prize in Literature 2025 was awarded to László Krasznahorkai, a Hungarian author renowned for his visionary and compelling literary works. Often described as a “master of the apocalypse”, Krasznahorkai’s writing explores themes of human despair, existential crises, and the fragility of society, while simultaneously celebrating the enduring power of art. The Swedish Academy specifically recognized his oeuvre that, in the midst of apocalyptic terror, reaffirms art’s transformative potential. Among his most acclaimed works is the novel “Satantango”, which exemplifies his narrative depth, innovative style, and profound philosophical undertones. His literature combines dense, flowing prose with a keen observation of human suffering, making him a global literary icon.
Q.5) Why was Maria Corina Machado awarded the 2025 Nobel Peace Prize?
[a] For environmental activism
[b] For promoting democratic rights in Venezuela and striving for a peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy
[c] For humanitarian work in conflict zones
[d] For global education initiatives
View Answer
Answer: [b] For promoting democratic rights in Venezuela and striving for a peaceful transition from dictatorship to democracy
Explanation:
The Nobel Peace Prize 2025 was awarded to Maria Corina Machado, a Venezuelan activist and politician, in recognition of her tireless efforts to promote democratic rights in Venezuela. She has been instrumental in advocating for peaceful transitions from dictatorship to democracy, highlighting human rights violations, and supporting civil liberties. The prize emphasizes the role of non-violent political activism in fostering democratic governance in countries under authoritarian regimes. Machado receives a cash prize of 11 million Swedish kronor (approximately USD 1.17 million) along with a diploma and medal, consistent with the Nobel tradition. Her recognition sends a strong message on the importance of democracy, human rights, and peaceful civic action globally.
Q.6) Which organization initiated World Mental Health Day and in which year?
[a] World Health Organization (WHO), 1990
[b] World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH), 1992
[c] United Nations, 1995
[d] International Red Cross, 1992
View Answer
Answer: [b] World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH), 1992
Explanation:
World Mental Health Day is observed every year on October 10 to raise awareness about mental health issues and promote access to mental health care globally. The day was initiated in 1992 by the World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH) and has since become a platform for governments, NGOs, healthcare professionals, and the public to discuss mental health challenges and solutions. The theme for 2025 is “Mental Health in Humanitarian Emergencies”, emphasizing the psychological needs of populations affected by conflicts, natural disasters, and public health crises. According to WHO, about one in five people in conflict-affected areas suffer from a mental health condition, highlighting the urgency of mental health interventions in emergency situations.
Q.7) Which global organizations coordinate the World Migratory Bird Day campaign?
[a] UNEP, FAO, WWF
[b] UNEP/CMS, AEWA, and Environment for the Americas
[c] UNDP, UNESCO, UNEP
[d] IUCN, Ramsar Convention, WHO
View Answer
Answer: [b] UNEP/CMS, AEWA, and Environment for the Americas (EFTA)
Explanation:
World Migratory Bird Day (WMBD) 2025 is observed on 11 October to raise awareness about the need for protecting migratory birds and their habitats across the world. The theme for 2025 — “Shared Spaces: Creating Bird-Friendly Cities and Communities” — emphasizes the importance of coexistence between humans and birds, urging cities and communities to design and maintain bird-friendly urban environments. The campaign seeks to highlight threats such as habitat loss, pollution, collisions with buildings, and climate change, which severely affect migratory birds. WMBD is a biannual global awareness campaign coordinated by UNEP’s Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS), the African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbird Agreement (AEWA), and the Environment for the Americas (EFTA). The event inspires global action to ensure a world where birds and people can thrive together through conservation efforts and sustainable urban planning.
Q.8) Who were awarded the 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences?
[a] Abhijit Banerjee, Esther Duflo, and Michael Kremer
[b] Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt
[c] Ben Bernanke, Douglas Diamond, and Philip Dybvig
[d] Angus Deaton, Paul Romer, and Joseph Stiglitz
View Answer
Answer: [b] Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt
Explanation
The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced that the 2025 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences has been jointly awarded to Joel Mokyr, Philippe Aghion, and Peter Howitt for their pioneering work on innovation-driven economic growth. Their research has fundamentally transformed the understanding of how technological progress, creativity, and knowledge contribute to long-term economic development. The committee emphasized that their work highlights how sustained economic growth is not automatic — rather, it requires continuous innovation and institutional support. The laureates’ contributions underline that economic stagnation, not growth, was the historical norm, and that innovation is the key engine that has changed this trajectory since the Industrial Revolution.
Q.9) Which ministry approved mitigation, recovery, and reconstruction projects worth ₹4645.60 crore for 9 states?
[a] Ministry of Finance
[b] Ministry of Rural Development
[c] Ministry of Home Affairs
[d] Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
View Answer
Answer: [c] Ministry of Home Affairs
Explanation:
A High-Level Committee (HLC) chaired by the Union Home Minister has approved several mitigation, recovery, and reconstruction projects worth ₹4645.60 crore, benefitting nine Indian states — Assam, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh. These projects are aimed at strengthening disaster preparedness and reducing vulnerability to natural disasters. The initiative aligns with the government’s vision of a “Disaster-Resilient India.” The Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), through the Disaster Management Division, continues to support states and Union Territories by funding and coordinating efforts to mitigate disaster risks and enhance resilience at the state and district levels.