Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) has discovered a 1,500-year-old stepped reservoir on Elephanta Island, revealing significant insights into ancient water management systems and maritime trade networks. The discovery highlights the island’s role as a technologically advanced and economically vibrant centre in ancient India.
Key Highlights of Discovery
Advanced Water Management System
- A T-shaped stepped reservoir with 20 precisely aligned stone steps
- Constructed using stone blocks transported from the mainland
- Designed to efficiently store monsoon runoff on rocky terrain
This, reflects advanced engineering and hydro-management knowledge
Numismatic Evidence (Coins)
- Around 60 coins (copper, lead, silver) recovered
- Coins of Krishnaraja (6th century CE, from Kalachuri dynasty) found
- Features:
- Obverse: Seated bull motif
- Reverse: Temple symbol with “Sri Krishnaraja” inscription
This establishes chronology and political context (Kalachuri rule)
Evidence of Global Maritime Trade
- Over 3,000 amphorae sherds (Mediterranean origin)
- Presence of torpedo jars from West Asia (Mesopotamia)
This confirms long-distance trade links with Rome and West Asia. Also, indicates Elephanta’s role in Early Historic maritime trade (2nd century CE onward)
Industrial & Cultural Artefacts
- Discovery of a brick structure (likely dyeing vat), indicates textile-related economic activity
- Other artefacts:
- Terracotta figurines
- Glass and stone bangles
- Carnelian and quartz beads
This reflects craft production, trade, and cultural life
Historical Geography
- Elephanta functioned as a major trading hub
- Key port locations: Rajbandar, Morabandar and Shethbandar
Existing Heritage Context
- Already famous for Elephanta Caves
- 5th century CE rock-cut cave temples dedicated to Lord Shiva
- New findings enrich its status as a multidimensional historical site (religious and economic)
About Elephanta Island
- Also known as Gharapuri (City of Caves)
- Located in Mumbai Harbour
- Recognised as a UNESCO World Heritage Site
Naming History
- Original name: Gharapuri
- Named “Elephanta” by Portuguese explorers (16th century) after discovering a stone elephant sculpture
Dynasties Associated
- Kalachuris of Mahishmati (primary patrons)
- Konkan Mauryas (earlier rulers)
- Chalukyas & Rashtrakutas (later influence)
- Portuguese & British (colonial usage)
Key Architectural Features
- Main Cave (Cave 1): ~60,000 sq ft rock-cut structure
- Sadashiva (Trimurti): 20-ft sculpture depicting Shiva as Creator, Preserver, Destroyer
- Other Panels:
- Gangadhara
- Ardhanarishvara
- Rock type: Basalt (Deccan Trap)
- Shows Hindu (Shaivite) and Buddhist influences
About ASI
- Attached office under Ministry of Culture
- Mandate under:
- Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act, 1958
- Responsible for:
- Excavation, conservation, and protection of heritage sites